Individual study of anthropometric variation, energy and macronutrients intakes in Paralympic Track and Field athletes in different phases of the season

a) to measure individual variations in body mass (BM), sum of skinfolds (SSF) and energy intake of Paralympic track and field athletes b) to evaluate whether individual consumption of macronutrients meets recommended levels in three distinct periods of training. Methods: Ten Paralympic track and field athletes were evaluated during three periods: 1) end of season, 2) after vacation, and 3) preparation for the Paralympic Games London 2012. Food history and the 24-hour Dietary Recall methods provided information on daily food intake. To assess changes in body composition, we measured skinfolds and BM. Descriptive statistics were utilized to describe individual results. Results: BM varied among athletes and phases, but most (n=8) had higher SSF after vacation. Four athletes reported an increase in energy intake of more than 500 kcal during their vacation period, while eight athletes reported maintaining their intake in the preparatory phase for the competition. Carbohydrate intake was adequate for most athletes in the end of season period and in the preparatory phase for competition, and most athletes had reduced lipid intake after vacation and in the preparatory phase. Conclusion: We observed important variations in BM and SSF, in food intake and macronutrients between the three evaluated periods. The nutritional status of the athletes suggests that inadequacies that might affect the performance of sprinters and middle-distance runners are more likely to occur during the preparatory period before competitions.(AU)

Perfiles de los estados de ánimo, depresión, calidad de sueño, somnolencia y ansiedad del equipo de atletismo paralímpico: un estudio longitudinal / Profiles of mood states, depression, sleep quality, sleepiness, and anxiety of the Paralympic athletics team: A longitudinal study

Introducción: Conocer el perfil psicobiológico de un deporte de equipo es importante para definir el trabajo y también en la preparación para las competiciones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar un perfil psicobiológico del equipo de atletismo paralímpico durante un período de 7 meses. Material y métodos: Diecinueve atletas del atletismo brasileño fueron evaluados al final de la temporada, al comienzo de la temporada, y previamente a la competición. Las evaluaciones se realizaron mediante los cuestionarios siguientes: Perfil de estados de ánimo, Escala de depresión de Beck, Cuestionario de Pittsburg de calidad de sueño, Escala de somnolencia de Epworth e Inventario de la escala de ansiedad rasgo-estado. Resultados: La mayoría de los atletas mostraron un nivel de ansiedad rasgo-estado medio en el final y el comienzo de la temporada. Hubo diferencia entre: época previa a la competición y el final de la temporada, en el dominio de vigor, que se incrementó en el período precompetición; previa a la competición y el comienzo de la temporada en la duración total del sueño, con un aumento en la precompetición; el principio y el final de la temporada, en la latencia del sueño con una disminución en el comienzo de la temporada. Conclusiones: El período durante la temporada deportiva puede alterar las variables psicobiológicas, tales como bajo vigor, somnolencia diurna, y una mayor latencia de sueño al final de la temporada y la mala calidad del sueño al comienzo de la temporada. Por el contrario, la buena calidad del sueño y alto vigor en la etapa previa a la competición favorecen el rendimiento deportivo (AU)

Introduction: Determining the psychobiological profile of a team sport is important for defining The work to be performed in each phase, as well as in preparation for future competitions. The aim of this study was to draw a profile of mood states, depression, sleep quality, sleepiness and anxiety, of a Paralympic athletics team over a seven-month period. Materials and methods: An assessment was made of 19 athletes from the Brazilian athletics team at the end of season, beginning of season, and pre-competition. The assessments were performed using following questionnaires: profile of mood states, Beck Depression Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The results were expressed as the mean and standard deviation, and the significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: Most of the athletes exhibited a median level of trait-state anxiety at the end and at the beginning of the season. There was difference between: pre-competition and the end of season in the vigor domain, which was increased in the pre-competition; pre-competition and the beginning of the season in the total duration of sleep, with an increase in the pre- competition; the beginning and the end of the season, in sleep latency, with a decrease at the beginning of the season (AU)

Sleep quality and psychobiological aspects of brazilian paralympic athletes in the London 2012 pre-paralympics period / Qualidade de sono e aspectos psicobiológicos de atletas paralímpicos brasileiros no período pré-paralímpiadas de Londres 2012 / La calidad de sueño y los aspectos psicobiológicos de los atletas paralímpicos brasileños en el período pre-paralímpiadas de Londres 2012

The objective of the study was to evaluate the psychobiological aspects of the Paralympic athletes athletics mode, before the London Paralympic Games 2012. We evaluated 40 athletes without 31 men and 9 women who were selected by the Brazilian Paralympic Committee to be part of the Brazilian delegation. For the evaluation of psychobiological aspects used questionnaires: Trait Anxiety Inventory-State, POMS, the Beck Depression questionnaire Pittsburgh Epworth Scale to assess, respectively, anxiety, mood, depression, sleep and sleepiness. For trait anxiety and state anxiety, athletes exhibited a mean level of anxiety in relation to the profile of mood states and higher intensity values ​​than any other dimensions. The lower total sleep time was in athletes with bad sleep, sleep deficiency was lower in athletes with poor sleep and total sleep time was lower for those who had efficiency < 85%. All psychobiological variables evaluated in pre-competition period were normal for the athletes of the Brazilian Paralympic athletics team that took part in the London 2012 Paralympic Games.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os aspectos psicobiológicos de atletas da modalidade de atletismo Paralímpico, antes dos Jogos Paralímpicos de Londres de 2012. Foram avaliados 40 atletas, sem 31 homens e 9 mulheres que foram convocados pelo Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro para fazer parte da Delegação Brasileira. Para a avaliação dos aspectos psicobiológicos nós utilizamos os questionários: Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado, POMS, Inventário de Depressão de Beck, questionário de Pittsburgh Escala de Epworth para avaliar, respectivamente, a ansiedade, o humor, a depressão, o sono e a sonolência. Para ansiedade-traço e ansiedade-estado os atletas apresentaram nível médio de ansiedade, em relação ao perfil dos estados de humor, a dimensão vigor apresentou valores mais altos do que as outras dimensões. O tempo total de sono foi menor em atletas com o sono ruim, a eficiência de sono foi menor em atletas com sono ruim e o tempo total de sono foi menor para quem teve eficiência < 85%. Todas as variáveis psicobiológicas avaliadas no período pré-competitivo estavam dentro da normalidade para os atletas da equipe Paralímpica Brasileira de atletismo que participaram dos Jogos Paralímpicos de Londres 2012.

El objetivo fue evaluar los aspectos psicobiológicos de los atletas de atletismo Paralímpico en el período que precedió los Juegos Paralímpicos de Londres de 2012. Se evaluaron 40 atletas. Los cuestionarios evaluaran la ansiedad, humor, depresión, sueño y la somnolencia. Para ansiedad-trazo y ansiedad-estado los atletas presentó nivel medio y no presentó propensión a la depresión. Los estados de humor la dimension vigor mostró un valor más alto. Para calidad de sueño los atletas presentó buen sueño, presentó somnolencia excesiva diurna y tuvo insatisfacción con el propio sueño. El tiempo total de sueño fue menor en atletas con un mal sueño, la eficiencia de sueño fue menor en atletas con un mal sueño y el tiempo total de sueño fue menor para quien tuvo eficiencia < 85%. Las variables psicobiológicas evaluados en el período previo a los Juegos Paralímpicos de Londres de 2012 eran normales para los atletas de la selección brasileña.